美国心理学家马斯洛（Abrahan H.Maslow）在1943年提出了“需求层次理论”。马斯洛认为，人的需要可以归纳为五大类，即生理、安全、社交、尊重和自我实现等需要。
①生理需要，是人类生存的最基本、最原始的本能需要，包括摄食、喝水、睡眠、求偶等需要。
②安全需要，是生理需要的延伸，人在生理需要获得适当满足之后，就产生了安全的需要，包括生命和财产的安全不受侵害，身体健康有保障，生活条件安全稳定等方面的需要。
③社交需要，是指感情与归属上的需要，包括人际交往、友谊、为群体和社会所接受和承认等。此种需要体现了人有明确的社会需要和人际关系需要。
④尊重需要，包括自我尊重和受人尊重两种需要。前者包括自尊、自信、自豪等心理上的满足感；后者包括名誉、地位、不受歧视等满足感。
⑤自我实现需要，这是最高层次的需要，是指人有发挥自己能力与实现自身的理想和价值的需要。
Human needs as identified by Maslow:
- At the bottom of the hierarchy are the "Basic needs or Physiological needs" of a human being: food, water, sleep, sex, homeostasis, and excretion.
- The next level is "Safety Needs: Security, Order, and Stability". These two steps are important to the physical survival of the person. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter and safety, they attempt to accomplish more.
- The third level of need is "Love and Belonging", which are psychological needs; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they are ready to share themselves with others, such as with family and friends.
- The fourth level is achieved when individuals feel comfortable with what they have accomplished. This is the "Esteem" level, the need to be competent and recognized, such as through status and level of success.
- Then there is the "Cognitive" level, where individuals intellectually stimulate themselves and explore.
After that is the "Aesthetic" level, which is the need for harmony, order and beauty. At the top of the pyramid, "Need for Self-actualization" occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding because they are engaged in achieving their full potential. Once a person has reached the self-actualization state they focus on themselves and try to build their own image. They may look at this in terms of feelings such as self-confidence or by accomplishing a set goal.
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发表于 2020-8-25 10:05:39
发表于 2023-2-1 13:23:44
